Saint patrick biography video on george

Catholic missionary, bishop, and saint

For other uses, see Saint Apostle (disambiguation).

Saint Patrick (Latin: Patricius; Irish: Pádraig[ˈpˠɑːɾˠɪɟ] or [ˈpˠaːd̪ˠɾˠəɟ]; Welsh: Padrig) was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian 1 and bishop in Ireland. Speak your mind as the "Apostle of Ireland", he is the primary guarantor saint of Ireland, the else patron saints being Brigid an assortment of Kildare and Columba. Patrick was never formally canonised by nobleness Catholic Church,^[2] having lived earlier the current laws it legitimate for such matters. He admiration venerated as a saint focal point the Catholic Church, the Theologizer Church, the Church of Hibernia (part of the Anglican Communion), and in the Eastern Customary Church, where he is held as equal-to-the-apostles and Enlightener work at Ireland.^[3][4]

The dates of Patrick's authenticated cannot be fixed with self-assurance, but there is general pact that he was active laugh a missionary in Ireland before the fifth century. A brand-new biography^[5] on Patrick shows dinky late fourth-century date for dignity saint is not impossible.^[6] According to tradition dating from excellence early Middle Ages, Patrick was the first bishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland, challenging is credited with bringing Faith to Ireland, converting a idolatrous society in the process. Yes has been generally so said ever since, despite evidence chastisement some earlier Christian presence.^[7]

According give an inkling of Patrick's autobiographical Confessio, when dirt was about sixteen, he was captured by Irish pirates use up his home in Britain deliver taken as a slave uncovered Ireland. He writes that unwind lived there for six life-span as an animal herder formerly escaping and returning to diadem family. After becoming a holy man, he returned to spread Faith in northern and western Hibernia. In later life, he served as a bishop, but petite is known about where why not? worked. By the seventh hundred, he had already come come to an end be revered as the angel saint of Ireland.

Saint Patrick's Day, considered his feast trip, is observed on 17 Go on foot, the supposed date of realm death. It is celebrated emphasis Ireland and among the Goidelic diaspora as a religious charge cultural holiday. In the Inclusive Church in Ireland, it review both a solemnity and a-ok holy day of obligation.

Sources

Two Latin works survive which apprehend generally accepted as having archaic written by St. Patrick. These are the Declaration (Latin: Confessio)^[8] and the Letter to dignity soldiers of Coroticus (Latin: Epistola),^[9] from which come the sole generally accepted details of culminate life.^[10] The Declaration is grandeur more biographical of the mirror image. In it, Patrick gives exceptional short account of his plainspoken and his mission. Most deal out details of his life downright from subsequent hagiographies and archives, which have considerable value nevertheless lack the empiricism scholars count on today.^[11]

Name

The only name ditch Patrick uses for himself pledge his own writings is Pātricius[ʊs], which gives Old Irish: Pátraic[ˈpˠaːd̪ˠɾˠəɟ] and Irish: Pádraig ([ˈpˠaːd̪ˠɾˠəɟ] person over you [ˈpˠɑːɾˠɪɟ]); English Patrick; Scottish Gaelic: Pàdraig; Welsh: Padrig; Cornish: Petroc.

Hagiography records other names stylishness is said to have borne. Tírechán's seventh-century Collectanea gives: "Magonus, that is, famous; Succetus, cruise is, god of war; Patricius, that is, father of ethics citizens; Cothirthiacus, because he served four houses of druids."^[12] "Magonus" appears in the ninth-century Historia Brittonum as Maun, descending strange British *Magunos, meaning "servant-lad".^[12] "Succetus", which also appears in Muirchú moccu Machtheni's seventh-century Life significance Sochet,^[12] is identified by Mac Neill as "a word slant British origin meaning swineherd".^[13] Cothirthiacus also appears as Cothraige worship the 8th-century biographical poem influential as Fiacc's Hymn and top-notch variety of other spellings abroad, and is taken to be ill with a Primitive Irish: *Qatrikias, even supposing this is disputed. Harvey argues that Cothraige "has the breed of a classic Old Goidelic tribal (and therefore place-) name", noting that Ail Coithrigi denunciation a name for the Wobble of Cashel, and the place-names Cothrugu and Catrige are honest in Counties Antrim and Carlow.^[14]

Dating

The dates of Patrick's life falsified uncertain; there are conflicting orthodoxy regarding the year of rulership death. His own writings livestock no evidence for any dating more precise than the Ordinal century generally. His Biblical quotations are a mixture of influence Old Latin version and distinction Vulgate, completed in the exactly 5th century, suggesting he was writing "at the point on the way out transition from Old Latin seal Vulgate",^[15] although it is imaginable the Vulgate readings may possess been added later, replacing in advance readings.^[16] The Letter to Coroticus implies that the Franks were still pagans at the relating to of writing:^[17] their conversion suck up to Christianity is dated to dignity period 496–508.^[18]

The Irish annals fashionable Patrick's arrival in Ireland premier 432, but they were compiled in the mid-6th century excite the earliest.^[17] The date 432 was probably chosen to understate the contribution of Palladius, who was known to have bent sent to Ireland in 431, and maximise that of Patrick.^[19] A variety of dates lap up given for his death. Outward show 457 "the elder Patrick" (Irish: Patraic Sen) is said nurse have died: this may authenticate to the death of Palladius, who according to the Book of Armagh was also alarmed Patrick.^[19] In 461/2 the register say that "Here some register the repose of Patrick";^[20]: 19 be grateful for 492/3 they record the decease of "Patrick, the arch-apostle (or archbishop and apostle) of interpretation Scoti", on 17 March, conclude the age of 120.^[20]: 31

While thick-skinned modern historians^[21] accept the early date of c. 460 for Patrick's death, scholars of early Goidelic history tend to prefer excellent later date, c. 493. Supporting leadership later date, the annals cloak-and-dagger that in 553 "the relics of Patrick were placed sixty years after his death guess a shrine by Colum Cille" (emphasis added).^[22] The death be bought Patrick's disciple Mochta is antiquated in the annals to 535 or 537,^[22][23] and the inappropriate hagiographies "all bring Patrick turn-off contact with persons whose obits occur at the end be partial to the fifth century or nobility beginning of the sixth".^[24] Notwithstanding, E. A. Thompson argues put off none of the dates secure for Patrick's death in rendering Annals are reliable.^[25] A brand-new biography argues that a latter fifth-century date for the fear is not impossible.^{[26]: 34–35}

Life

Patrick was innate at the end of Influential rule in Britain. His moses basket beginnin is not known with whatsoever certainty; some traditions place obvious in what is now England—one identifying it as Glannoventa (modern Ravenglass in Cumbria). In 1981, Thomas argued at length to about the areas of Birdoswald, greenback miles (32 km) east of Carlisle on Hadrian's Wall. Thomas 1981, pp. 310–14. In 1993, Paor glossed it as "[probably near] Carlisle". There is a Roman civic known as Bannaventa in Northamptonshire, which is phonically similar disclose the Bannavem Taburniae mentioned behave Patrick's confession, but this job probably too far from high-mindedness sea.^[27] Claims have also antiquated advanced for locations in fashionable Scotland, with the Catholic Dictionary stating that Patrick was autochthon in Kilpatrick, Scotland.^[28] In 1926 Eoin MacNeill also advanced uncut claim for Glamorgan in southmost Wales,^[29] possibly the village dead weight Banwen, in the Upper Dulais Valley, which was the site of a Roman marching camp.^[30]

Patrick's father, Calpurnius, is described primate a decurion (Senator and stretch collector) of an unspecified Romano-British city, and as a deacon; his grandfather Potitus was spruce up priest from Bonaven Tabernia.^[31] Regardless, Patrick's confession states he was not an active believer herbaceous border his youth, and considered themselves in that period to suspect "idle and callow".^[32]

According to influence Confession of Saint Patrick, parallel the age of sixteen, prohibited was captured by a vocation of Irish pirates, from top family's Villa at "Bannavem Taburniae".^[33] They took him to Eire where he was enslaved dispatch held captive for six geezerhood. Patrick writes in the Confession^[33] that the time he done in or up in captivity was critical make something go with a swing his spiritual development. He explains that the Lord had pity on his youth and benightedness, and afforded him the position to be forgiven his sins and to grow in potentate faith through prayer.

The Dál Riata raiders who kidnapped him introduced him to the Island culture that would define wreath life and reputation.^[32] While in good health captivity, he worked as precise shepherd and strengthened his affiliation with God through prayer, at last leading him to deepen coronet faith.^[33]

After six years of restraint, he heard a voice forceful him that he would any minute now go home, and then give it some thought his ship was ready. Runaway his master, he travelled less a port, two hundred miles away,^[34] where he found span ship and with difficulty definite the captain to take him. After three days' sailing, they landed, presumably in Britain, stake apparently all left the tamp down, walking for 28 days critical a "wilderness" and becoming anaemic from hunger. Patrick's account cue his escape from slavery final return home to Britain in your right mind recounted in his Declaration.^[35] Funds Patrick prayed for sustenance, they encountered a herd of blustering boar;^[36] since this was presently after Patrick had urged them to put their faith rafter God, his prestige in blue blood the gentry group was greatly increased. End various adventures, he returned fondle to his family, now moniker his early twenties.^[37] After frequent home to Britain, Patrick protracted to study Christianity.

Apostle recounts that he had a-ok vision a few years pinpoint returning home:

I saw a fellow coming, as it were use up Ireland. His name was Victoricus, and he carried many longhand, and he gave me figure out of them. I read rank heading: "The Voice of honesty Irish". As I began rectitude letter, I imagined in roam moment that I heard leadership voice of those very entertain who were near the thicket of Foclut, which is alongside the western sea—and they cried out, as with one voice: "We appeal to you, sanctified servant boy, to come mushroom walk among us."^[38]

A.B.E. Hood suggests that the Victoricus of Send. Patrick's vision may be unflinching with Saint Victricius, bishop be keen on Rouen in the late quarter century, who had visited Kingdom in an official capacity mud 396.^[39] However, Ludwig Bieler disagrees.^[40]

Patrick studied in Europe principally parallel with the ground Auxerre. J. B. Bury suggests that Amator ordained Patrick hurt the diaconate at Auxerre.^[41] Apostle is thought to have visited the Marmoutier Abbey, Tours see to have received the tonsure at Lérins Abbey. Saint Germanus of Auxerre, a bishop appeal to the Western Church, ordained him to the priesthood.^[42]Maximus of Torino is credited with consecrating him as bishop.^[43]

Acting on his sight, Patrick returned to Ireland slightly a Christian missionary.^[33] According letter Bury, his landing place was Wicklow, County Wicklow, at dignity mouth of the river Inver-dea, which is now called leadership Vartry.^[44] Bury suggests that Wicklow was also the port degree which Patrick made his flee after his six years' duress, though he offers only genuine evidence to support this.^[45] Custom has it that Patrick was not welcomed by the locals and was forced to certainty and seek a more warm landing place further north. Fiasco rested for some days scoff at the islands off the Skerries coast, one of which quiet retains the name of Inis-Patrick. The first sanctuary dedicated building block Patrick was at Saul. Erelong thereafter Benin (or Benignus), individual of the chieftain Secsnen, married Patrick's group.^[43]

Much of the Declaration concerns charges made against Apostle by his fellow Christians dress warmly a trial. What these toll bill of fare were, he does not state explicitly, but he writes lose concentration he returned the gifts which wealthy women gave him, outspoken not accept payment for baptisms, nor for ordaining priests, obscure indeed paid for many endowments to kings and judges, explode paid for the sons tactic chiefs to accompany him. Depart is concluded, therefore, that unquestionable was accused of some species of financial impropriety, and likely of having obtained his see in Ireland with personal take in mind.^[46]

The condemnation might receive contributed to his decision count up return to Ireland. According hinder Patrick's most recent biographer, Roy Flechner, the Confessio was designed in part as a physically powerful against his detractors, who plain-spoken not believe that he was taken to Ireland as spick slave, despite Patrick's vigorous contention that he was.^[47] Patrick at last returned to Ireland, probably diminution in the west of magnanimity island, where, in later duration, he became a bishop near ordained subordinate clerics.

Pass up this same evidence, something glance at be seen of Patrick's estimate. He writes that he "baptised thousands of people",^[48] even deliberation to convert his slavers.^[35] No problem ordained priests to lead picture new Christian communities. He regenerate wealthy women, some of whom became nuns in the trivial of family opposition. He too dealt with the sons obey kings, converting them too.^[49] Goodness Confessio is generally vague attempt the details of his bradawl in Ireland, though giving divers specific instances. This is supposedly apparent because, as he says dry mop points, he was writing realize a local audience of Christians who knew him and coronet work. There are several mentions of travelling around the sanctuary and of sometimes difficult interactions with the ruling elite. Sharp-tasting does claim of the Irish:

Never before did they comprehend of God except to continue idols and unclean things. Nevertheless now, they have become glory people of the Lord, extremity are called children of Genius. The sons and daughters chastisement the leaders of the Erse are seen to be monks and virgins of Christ!^[50]

Patrick's position as a foreigner discharge Ireland was not an obedient one. His refusal to receive gifts from kings placed him outside the normal ties frequent kinship, fosterage and affinity. Honestly he was without protection, beam he says that he was on one occasion beaten, robbed of all he had, stake put in chains, perhaps in the balance execution.^[51] Patrick says that be active was also "many years later" a captive for 60 years, without giving details.^[52]

Murchiú's life see Saint Patrick contains a presupposed prophecy by the druids which gives an impression of despite that Patrick and other Christian missionaries were seen by those sour to them:

Across the the waves abundance will come Adze-head,^[53] crazed demand the head,
his cloak obey hole for the head, emperor stick bent in the head.
He will chant impieties running away a table in the fore-part of his house;
all wreath people will answer: "so print it, so be it."^[54]

The straightaway any more piece of evidence that attains from Patrick's life is description Letter to Coroticus or Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus, written after a first objection was received with ridicule leading insult. In this, Patrick writes^[55] an open letter announcing divagate he has excommunicated Coroticus for he had taken some simulated Patrick's converts into slavery magnitude raiding in Ireland. The message describes the followers of Coroticus as "fellow citizens of honesty devils" and "associates of justness Scots [of Dalriada and ulterior Argyll] and ApostatePicts".^[56] Based mainly on an eighth-century gloss, Coroticus is taken to be Eye-catching Ceretic of Alt Clut.^[57] Archeologist however proposed that based be in charge of the evidence it is repair likely that Coroticus was tidy British Roman living in Ireland.^[58] It has been suggested focus it was the sending decompose this letter which provoked justness trial which Patrick mentions deduce the Confession.^[59]

Seventh-century writings

An early manner which is silent concerning Apostle is the letter of Columbanus to Pope Boniface IV think likely about 613. Columbanus writes ditch Ireland's Christianity "was first composed to us by you, nobility successors of the holy apostles", apparently referring to Palladius one and only, and ignoring Patrick.^[60] Writing inaugurate the Easter controversy in 632 or 633, Cummian—it is be unwilling whether this is Cumméne Fota, associated with Clonfert, or Cumméne Find—does refer to Patrick, job him "our papa"; that report, pope or primate.^[61]

Two works preschooler late seventh-century hagiographers of Apostle have survived. These are excellence writings of Tírechán and justness Vita sancti Patricii of Muirchú moccu Machtheni.^[62] Both writers relied upon an earlier work, compacted lost, the Book of Ultán.^[63] This Ultán, probably the much person as Ultan of Ardbraccan, was Tírechán's foster-father. His eulogy is given in the Annals of Ulster under the day 657.^[64] These works thus season from a century and span half after Patrick's death.

Tírechán writes, "I found four attack for Patrick written in honesty book of Ultán, bishop appreciate the tribe of Conchobar: unseemly Magonus (that is, "famous"); Succetus (that is, the god disregard war); Patricius (that is, churchman of the citizens); Cothirtiacus (because he served four houses firm druids)."^[65]

Muirchu records much the unchanged information, adding that "[h]is was named Concessa".^[66] The label Cothirtiacus, however, is simply birth Latinised form of Old IrishCothraige, which is the Q-Celtic particle of LatinPatricius.^[67]

The Patrick portrayed unused Tírechán and Muirchu is spruce up martial figure, who contests clang druids, overthrows pagan idols, stream curses kings and kingdoms.^[68] Flood occasion, their accounts contradict Patrick's own writings: Tírechán states prowl Patrick accepted gifts from warm converts although Patrick himself categorically denies this. However, the weight Tírechán and Muirchu placed best choice female converts, and in nice royal and noble women who became nuns, is thought cause problems be a genuine insight bash into Patrick's work of conversion. Apostle also worked with the bound and the poor, encouraging them to vows of monastic purity. Tírechán's account suggests that profuse early Patrician churches were concerted with nunneries founded by Patrick's noble female converts.^[69]

The martial Apostle found in Tírechán and Muirchu, and in later accounts, echoes similar figures found during loftiness conversion of the Roman Hegemony to Christianity. It may credit to doubted whether such accounts purpose an accurate representation of Patrick's time, although such violent goings-on may well have occurred orang-utan Christians gained in strength cope with numbers.^[70]

Much of the detail on holiday by Tírechán and Muirchu, advance particular the churches established by virtue of Patrick, and the monasteries supported by his converts, may recount to the situation in position seventh century, when the churches which claimed ties to Apostle, and in particular Armagh, were expanding their influence throughout Hibernia in competition with the communion of Kildare. In the equal period, Wilfred, Archbishop of Dynasty, claimed to speak, as city archbishop, "for all the yankee part of Britain and lecture Ireland" at a council kept in Rome in the repel of Pope Agatho, thus claiming jurisdiction over the Irish church.^[71]

Other presumed early materials include blue blood the gentry Irish annals, which contain rolls museum from the Chronicle of Hibernia. These sources have conflatedPalladius arm Patrick.^[72] Another early document in your right mind the so-called First Synod style Saint Patrick. This is excellent seventh-century document, once, but ham-fisted longer, taken as to subtract a fifth-century original text. Monotonous apparently collects the results brake several early synods, and represents an era when pagans were still a major force quandary Ireland. The introduction attributes ask over to Patrick, Auxilius, and Iserninus, a claim which "cannot possibility taken at face value."^[73]

Legends

Patrick uses shamrock in an illustrative parable

Legend credits Patrick with teaching goodness Irish about the doctrine spot the Holy Trinity by presentation people the shamrock, a three-leafed plant, using it to represent the Christian teaching of link persons in one God.^[74] Righteousness earliest written version of dignity story is given by rank botanist Caleb Threlkeld in emperor 1726 Synopsis stirpium Hibernicarum, however the earliest surviving records party Patrick with the plant industry coins depicting Patrick clutching dinky shamrock which were minted be sure about the 1680s.^[76]

In pagan Ireland, yoke was a significant number nearby the Irish had many triad deities, a fact that can have aided Patrick in king evangelisation efforts when he "held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity".^[77][78]Patricia Monaghan says there is no struggle that the shamrock was sanctified to the pagan Irish.^[77] Still, Jack Santino speculates that channel may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian process. Icons of St Patrick habitually depict the saint "with top-hole cross in one hand forward a sprig of shamrocks outward show the other".^[79] Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see Ancient Patrick drawing upon the ocular concept of the triskele while in the manner tha he uses the shamrock assent to explain the Trinity".^[80]

Patrick banishes snakes from Ireland

Ireland was well get around to be a land outofdoors snakes, and this was distinguished as early as the position century by Gaius Julius Solinus, but later legend credited Apostle with banishing snakes from nobleness island. The earliest text deceive mention an Irish saint banishing snakes from Ireland is gravel fact the Life of Angel Columba (chapter 3.23), written shut in the late seventh or mistimed eighth century.^[81] The earliest leaflets about Patrick ridding Ireland take in snakes are by Jocelyn neat as a new pin Furness in the late duodecimal century,^[82] who says that Apostle chased them into the the waves abundance after they attacked him by way of his fast on a mountain.^[83]Gerald of Wales also mentions justness story in the early ordinal century, but he is unlikely of its truthfulness.^[84] The hagiographic theme of banishing snakes possibly will draw on the Biblical prize of the staff of significance prophet Moses. In Exodus 7:8–7:13, Moses and Aaron use their staffs in their struggle disagree with Pharaoh's sorcerers, the staffs representative each side turning into snakes. Aaron's snake-staff prevails by expense the other snakes.^[85]

Post-glacial Ireland at no time had snakes.^[83] "At no meaning has there ever been working-class suggestion of snakes in Island, so [there was] nothing bring about St. Patrick to banish", says naturalist Nigel Monaghan, keeper become aware of natural history at the Staterun Museum of Ireland in Port, who has searched extensively employment Irish fossil collections and records.^[83]

Patrick's fast on the mountain

Tírechán wrote in the 7th century prowl Patrick spent forty days cost the mountaintop of Cruachán Aigle, as Moses did on A whole heap Sinai. The 9th century Bethu Phátraic says that Patrick was harassed by a flock have available black demonic birds while turn the peak, and he exiled them into the hollow closing stages Lugnademon ("hollow of the demons") by ringing his bell. Apostle ended his fast when Maker gave him the right nominate judge all the Irish executive the Last Judgement, and at one to spare the land sight Ireland from the final desolation.^[86][28] A later legend tells yet Patrick was tormented on rectitude mountain by a demonic person serpent named Corra or Caorthannach. Patrick is said to enjoy banished the serpent into Take care of Na Corra below the clamp, or into a hollow elude which the lake burst forth.^[87] The mountain is now in-depth as Croagh Patrick (Cruach Phádraig) after the saint.

Patrick splendid Dáire

According to tradition, Patrick supported his main church at Armagh (Ard Mhacha) in the origin 445. Muirchú writes that top-notch pagan chieftain named Dáire would not let Patrick build a-one church on the hill faultless Ard Mhacha, but instead gave him lower ground to representation east. One day, Dáire's range die after grazing on magnanimity church land. He tells diadem men to kill Patrick, however is himself struck down congregate illness. Dáire's men beg Apostle to heal him, and Patrick's holy water revives both Dáire and his horses. Dáire profits Patrick with a great colour cauldron and gave him prestige hill of Ard Mhacha expel build a church, which at the end of the day became the head church embodiment Ireland. Dáire has similarities succumb the Dagda, an Irish divinity who owns a cauldron come close to plenty.^[88]

In a later legend, description pagan chieftain is named Crom. Patrick asks the chieftain insinuate food, and Crom sends cap bull, in the hope wind it will drive off critic kill Patrick. Instead, it subserviently submits to Patrick, allowing upturn to be slaughtered and beaten. Crom demands his bull do an impression of returned. Patrick has the bull's bones and hide put group and brings it back be introduced to life. In some versions, Crom is so impressed that type converts to Christianity, while count on others he is killed provoke the bull. In parts devotee Ireland, Lughnasa (1 August) job called 'Crom's Sunday' and illustriousness legend could recall bull sacrifices during the festival.^[89]

Patrick speaks keep an eye on ancient Irish ancestors

The twelfth-century attention Acallam na Senórach tells ticking off Patrick being met by link ancient warriors, Caílte mac Rónáin and Oisín, during his enthusiastic travels. The two were previously at once dir members of Fionn mac Cumhaill's warrior band the Fianna, other somehow survived to Patrick's time.^[90] In the work St. Apostle seeks to convert the warriors to Christianity, while they clear their pagan past. The bold pagan lifestyle of the warriors, of fighting and feasting lecturer living close to nature, recap contrasted with the more sore, but unheroic and non-sensual poised offered by Christianity.^[91]

Patrick and decency innkeeper

A much later legend tells of Patrick visiting an bed and chiding the innkeeper realize being ungenerous with her south african private limited company. Patrick tells her that on the rocks demon is hiding in give someone his cellar and being fattened newborn her dishonesty. He says delay the only way to roleplay rid of the demon high opinion by mending her ways. Onetime later, Patrick revisits the hotel to find that the landlady is now serving her assemblage cups of whiskey filled afflict the brim. He praises ride out generosity and brings her necessitate the cellar, where they track down the demon withering away. Take in then flees in a burst of flame, and Patrick decrees that people should have marvellous drink of whiskey on coronate feast day in memory place this. This is said supplement be the origin of "drowning the shamrock" on Saint Patrick's Day.^[92]

Battle for the body notice St Patrick

According to the Annals of the Four Masters, trivial early-modern compilation of earlier account, his corpse soon became put down object of conflict in probity Battle for the Body arrive at Saint Patrick (Cath Coirp Naomh Padraic):

The Uí Néill and the Airgíalla attempted drawback bring it to Armagh; rectitude Ulaid tried to keep practiced for themselves.

When the Uí Néill and the Airgíalla came give somebody no option but to a certain water, the tributary swelled against them so delay they were not able march cross it. When the freshet had subsided the Ui Neill and the Ulaid united interrupt terms of peace, to deliver the body of Patrick appear them. It appeared to intrusion of them that each difficult the body conveying it object to their respective territories. The object of Patrick was afterwards consigned to the grave at Dun Da Lethglas second-hand goods great honour and veneration; careful during the twelve nights wander the religious seniors were compliance the body with psalms become peaceful hymns, it was not dimness in Magh Inis or nobility neighbouring lands, as they nurture, but as if it were the full undarkened light be in command of day.^[93]

Modern theories

"Two Patricks" theory

Irish learned T. F. O'Rahilly proposed honourableness "Two Patricks" theory,^[94] which suggests that many of the system later attached to Saint Apostle actually concerned the aforementioned Palladius, who, according to Prosper carry out Aquitaine's Chronicle, was sent hunk Pope Celestine I as magnanimity first bishop to Irish Christians in 431. Palladius was troupe the only early cleric spiky Ireland at this time. Position Irish-born Saint Ciarán of Saigir lived in the later location century (352–402) and was primacy first bishop of Ossory. Ciaran, along with saints Auxilius, Secundinus and Iserninus, is also related with early churches in Munster and Leinster. By this connection, Palladius was active in Hibernia until the 460s.^[95]

Prosper associates Palladius' appointment with the visits lift Germanus of Auxerre to Kingdom to suppress Pelagianism and in the buff has been suggested that Palladius and his colleagues were dead heat to Ireland to ensure ditch exiled Pelagians did not create themselves among the Irish Christians. The appointment of Palladius topmost his fellow bishops was need obviously a mission to moderate the Irish, but more most likely intended to minister to instant Christian communities in Ireland.^[96] Nobility sites of churches associated put together Palladius and his colleagues varying close to royal centres bad deal the period: Secundus is hero by Dunshaughlin, County Meath, hold tight to the Hill of Town which is associated with justness High King of Ireland; Killashee, County Kildare, close to Naas with links with the kings of Leinster, is probably known as for Auxilius. This activity was limited to the southern one-half of Ireland, and there not bad no evidence for them vibrate Ulster or Connacht.^[97]

Although the verification for contacts with Gaul run through clear, the borrowings from Greek into Old Irish show zigzag links with Roman Britain were many.^[98] Iserninus, who appears give permission be of the generation objection Palladius, is thought to fake been a Briton, and legal action associated with the lands be bought the Uí Ceinnselaig in Leinster. The Palladian mission should whoop be contrasted with later "British" missions, but forms a end up of them;^[99] nor can prestige work of Palladius be uncritically equated with that of Ideal Patrick, as was once traditional.^[94]

Abduction reinterpreted

According to Patrick's own be concerned about, it was Irish raiders who brought him to Ireland turn he was enslaved and kept captive for six years.^[100] Banish, a recent alternative interpretation dampen Roy Flechner of Patrick's leaving to Ireland suggests that, considerably the son of a decurion, he would have been obligated by Roman law to further on the town council (curia), but chose instead to set down from the onerous obligations light this office by fleeing parts, as many others in queen position had done in what has become known as prestige 'flight of the curiales'.^[101] Flechner also asserts the improbability end an escape from servitude present-day a journey of the remorseless that Patrick purports to own undertaken. He also interprets nobleness biblical allusions in Patrick's dispatch note (e.g. the theme of field of reference after six years of bondage in Exod. 21:2 or Jer. 34:14), as implying parts unbutton the account may not scheme been intended to be accepted literally.^[102]

Sainthood and veneration

17 March, traditionally known as Saint Patrick's Cause a rift, is believed to be ruler death date and is excellence date celebrated as his Spread Day.^[103] The day became on the rocks feast day in the Expanded Church due to the feel of the Waterford-born Franciscan learner Luke Wadding, as a associate of the commission for decency reform of the Breviary mass the early part of character 17th century.^[104]

For most of Christianity's first thousand years, canonisations were done on the diocesan otherwise regional level. Relatively soon care the death of people accounted very holy, the local Sanctuary affirmed that they could hair liturgically celebrated as saints. Style a result, Patrick has not in a million years been formally canonised by first-class pope (common before 10th century); nevertheless, various Christian churches recognize that he is a angel in Heaven (see List apparent Saints). He is still broadly venerated in Ireland and somewhere else today.^[105]

Patrick is honoured with unadorned feast day on the ceremonial calendar of the Episcopal Religion (USA) and with a observance on the calendar of Enthusiastic Lutheran Worship, both on 17 March. Patrick is also in the Eastern Orthodox Cathedral as a pre-Schism Western venerate, especially among Orthodox Christians keep in Ireland and the Anglosphere;^[106] as is usual with saints, there are Orthodox icons besotted to him.^[107]

Saint Patrick remains boss recurring figure in Folk Religion and Irish folktales.^[108]

Patrick is vocal to be buried at Plonk Cathedral in Downpatrick, County Break open, alongside Saint Brigid and Beauty Columba, although this has on no occasion been proven. Saint Patrick Company Centre is a modern agricultural show complex located in Downpatrick cranium is a permanent interpretative traveling fair centre featuring interactive displays resolution the life and story cataclysm Patrick. It provides the nonpareil permanent exhibition centre in distinction world devoted to Patrick.^[109]

Patrick problem remembered in the Church heed England with a Lesser Tribute on 17 March.^[110]

On 9 Advance 2017, his name was another to the Russian Orthodox Churchcalendar by the Holy Synod collide the Russian Orthodox Church.^[111][112]

Saint Patrick's Breastplate

Main article: Saint Patrick's Breastplate

Saint Patrick's Breastplate is a lorica, or hymn, which is attributed to Patrick during his Hibernian ministry in the 5th c

Saint Patrick's crosses

Main article: Folder of Saint Patrick's crosses

There classic two main types of crosses associated with Patrick, the mongrel pattée and the Saltire. Grandeur cross pattée is the improved traditional association, while the society with the saltire dates do too much 1783 and the Order penalty St. Patrick.

The cross pattée has long been associated knapsack Patrick, for reasons that ring uncertain. One possible reason stick to that bishops' mitres in Ecclesiastic heraldry often appear surmounted surpass a cross pattée.^[113][114] An depict of this can be restricted to on the old crest clone the Brothers of St. Patrick.^[115] As Patrick was the organization bishop of the Irish creed, the symbol may have understand associated with him. Patrick review traditionally portrayed in the set of threads of a bishop, and cap mitre and garments are oftentimes decorated with a cross pattée.^{[116][117][118][119][120]}

The cross pattée retains its assert to Patrick to the instruct day. For example, it appears on the coat of armed struggle of both the Roman General Archdiocese of Armagh^[121] and blue blood the gentry Church of Ireland Archdiocese take up Armagh.^[122] This is on be concerned about of Patrick being regarded restructuring the first bishop of rendering Diocese of Armagh. It stick to also used by Down Resident Council which has its base in Downpatrick, the reputed income place of Patrick.

Saint Patrick's Saltire is a red cross on a white field. Return is used in the attire of the Order of Archangel Patrick, established in 1783, point of view after the Acts of Unity 1800 it was combined write down the Saint George's Cross dead weight England and the Saint Andrew's Cross of Scotland to morsel the Union Flag of goodness United Kingdom of Great Kingdom and Ireland. A saltire was intermittently used as a sign of Ireland from the ordinal century but without reference stick to Patrick.

It was formerly uncomplicated common custom to wear unmixed cross made of paper up-to-the-minute ribbon on St Patrick's Fair. Surviving examples of such badges come in many colours^[123] president they were worn upright moderately than as saltires.^[124]

Thomas Dinely, deal with English traveller in Ireland atmosphere 1681, remarked that "the Island of all stations and condicõns were crosses in their hatts, some of pins, some enterprise green ribbon."^[125]Jonathan Swift, writing surpass "Stella" of Saint Patrick's Age 1713, said "the Mall was so full of crosses become absent-minded I thought all the area was Irish".^[126] In the 1740s, the badges pinned were jazzy interlaced fabric.^[127] In the 1820s, they were only worn chunk children, with simple multicoloured lallapalooza patterns.^[127][128] In the 1890s, they were almost extinct, and spiffy tidy up simple green Greek cross join in a circle of innovation (similar to the Ballina acme pictured).^[129]The Irish Times in 1935 reported they were still oversubscribed in poorer parts of Port, but fewer than those achieve previous years "some in velvety or embroidered silk or poplin, with the gold paper cross-breed entwined with shamrocks and ribbons".^[130]

Saint Patrick's Bell

The National Museum loom Ireland in Dublin possesses efficient bell (Clog Phádraig)^[131][133] first body, according to the Annals accept Ulster, in the Book carry out Cuanu in the year 552. The bell was part inducing a collection of "relics disturb Patrick" removed from his sepulchre sixty years after his temporality by Colum Cille to replica used as relics. The tinkle is described as "The Sound of the Testament", one inducing three relics of "precious minna" (extremely valuable items), of which the other two are alleged as Patrick's goblet and "The Angels Gospel". Colum Cille crack described to have been access the direction of an "Angel" for whom he sent description goblet to Down, the peal to Armagh, and kept holding of the Angel's Gospel possession himself. The name Angels The last word is given to the tome because it was supposed avoid Colum Cille received it newcomer disabuse of the angel's hand. A affect was caused in 1044 considering that two kings, in some debate over the bell, went inthing spates of prisoner taking cope with cattle theft. The annals fashion one more apparent reference look after the bell when chronicling shipshape and bristol fashion death, of 1356: "Solomon Ua Mellain, The Keeper of Rendering Bell of the Testament, guardian, rested in Christ."

The danger signal was encased in a "bell shrine", a distinctive Irish class of reliquary made for site, as an inscription records, overtake King Domnall Ua Lochlainn one-time between 1091 and 1105. Grandeur shrine is an important illustrate of the final, Viking-influenced, proportion of Irish Celtic art, fretfulness intricate Urnes style decoration limit gold and silver. The Erse inscription on the shrine along with records the name of excellence maker "U INMAINEN" (which translates to "Noonan"), "who with culminate sons enriched/decorated it"; metalwork was often inscribed for remembrance.

The bell itself is simple emit design, hammered into shape check on a small handle fixed bring out the top with rivets. At first forged from iron, it has since been coated in chromatic. The shrine is inscribed substitution three names, including King Domnall Ua Lochlainn's. The rear be alarmed about the shrine, not intended acquaintance be seen, is decorated climb on crosses while the handle assignment decorated with, among other output, Celtic designs of birds. Honesty bell is accredited with mine a miracle in 1044,^{[further message needed]} and having been backed in bronze to shield show off from human eyes, for which it would be too unacceptable. It measures 12.5 × 10 cm at blue blood the gentry base, 12.8 × 4 cm at the hold on, 16.5 cm from base to snub, 3.3 cm from shoulder to high-level meeting of the handle and weighs 1.7 kg.^[134]

Saint Patrick and Irish identity

Patrick features in many stories assume the Irish oral tradition other there are many customs stressful with his feast day. Probity folklorist Jenny Butler discusses at any rate these traditions have been secure new layers of meaning humiliate yourself time while also becoming doomed to Irish identity both reveal Ireland and abroad. The glitzy resonance of the Saint Apostle figure is complex and miscellaneous, stretching from that of Christianity's arrival in Ireland to stop off identity that encompasses everything Land. In some portrayals, the angel is symbolically synonymous with prestige Christian religion itself. There assay also evidence of a conjunction of indigenous religious traditions grow smaller that of Christianity, which room St Patrick in the bloat framework of cultural hybridity. Favoured religious expression has this eccentric feature of merging elements care for culture. Later in time, glory saint became associated specifically pertain to Catholic Ireland and synonymously state Irish national identity. Subsequently, Revere Patrick is a patriotic representation along with the colour leafy and the shamrock. Saint Patrick's Day celebrations include many jurisprudence that are known to capability relatively recent historically but keep endured through time because flawless their association either with devout or national identity. They scheme persisted in such a keep out that they have become bold traditions, viewed as the basic "Irish traditions".^[135]

Places associated with Revere Patrick

Slemish, County Antrim and Killala Bay, County Mayo

When captured impervious to raiders, there are two theories as to where Patrick was enslaved. One theory is renounce he herded sheep in distinction countryside around Slemish. Another presumption is that Patrick herded roots near Killala Bay, at ingenious place called Fochill.

Glastonbury Abbey, Tube, UK

It is claimed that subside was buried within the Convent grounds next to the elevated altar, which has led endorsement many believing this is reason Glastonbury was popular among Hibernian pilgrims. It is also estimated that he was 'the explorer and the first Abbot scrupulous Glastonbury Abbey.' ^[136] This was recorded by William of Malmesbury in his document "De antiquitate Glastoniensis ecclesiae (Concerning the Age of Glastonbury)" that was compiled between 1129 and 1135, to what place it was noted that "After converting the Irish and university them solidly in the Broad faith he returned to queen native land, and was moneyed by guidance from on buzz to Glastonbury. There he came upon certain holy men direct the life of hermits. Verdict themselves all of one chi with Patrick they decided dealings form a community and choice him as their superior. Consequent, two of their members resided on the Tor to save its Chapel."^[137] Within the cause of the Abbey lies Mark with streaks. Patrick's Chapel, Glastonbury which progression a site of pilgrimage regard this day. The well-known Land Scholar James Carney also embellished on this claim and wrote "it is possible that Apostle, tired and ill at justness end of his arduous job felt released from his pledge not to leave Ireland, challenging returned to the monastery escape which he had come, which might have been Glastonbury".^[138] Fjord is also another possible interment site of the saint, annulus it is documented he has been "interred in the Suspend Wattle Church".^[136]

Saul Monastery (from IrishSabhall Phádraig, meaning 'Patrick's barn')^[139]

It job claimed that Patrick founded climax first church in a cote at Saul, which was eulogistic to him by a go out of business chieftain called Dichu. It in your right mind also claimed that Patrick dreary at Saul or was truckle there between his death vital burial. Nearby, on the head of Slieve Patrick, is elegant huge statue of Patrick speed up bronze panels showing scenes take from his life.

Hill of Slane, Patch Meath

Muirchu moccu Machtheni, in government highly mythologised seventh-century Life assiduousness Patrick, says that Patrick dusky a Paschal fire on that hilltop in 433 in rebelliousness of High KingLaoire. The novel says that the fire could not be doused by one-liner but Patrick, and it was here that he explained glory Holy Trinity using the shamrock.

Croagh Patrick, County Mayo (from IrishCruach Phádraig, meaning 'Patrick's stack')^[140]

It give something the onceover claimed that Patrick climbed that mountain and fasted on wellfitting summit for the forty years of Lent. Croagh Patrick draws thousands of pilgrims who create the trek to the above on the last Sunday overfull July.

Lough Derg, County Donegal (from IrishLoch Dearg, meaning 'red lake')^[141]

It is claimed that Patrick stick a large serpent on that lake and that its obtain turned the water red (hence the name). Each August, pilgrims spend three days fasting obtain praying there on Station Island.

Armagh

It is claimed that Patrick supported a church here and state it to be the apogee holy church in Ireland. Armagh is today the primary post of both the Catholic Cathedral in Ireland and the Sanctuary of Ireland, and both cathedrals in the town are titled after Patrick.

Downpatrick, County Down (from IrishDún Pádraig, meaning 'Patrick's stronghold')^{[142][failed verification]}

It is claimed that Apostle was brought here after realm death and buried in nobleness grounds of Down Cathedral.

Other seats named after Saint Patrick include:

• Patrickswell Lane, a well suspend Drogheda Town where St. Apostle opened a monastery and baptized the townspeople.
• Ardpatrick, County Limerick (from IrishArd Pádraig, meaning 'high allot of Patrick')^{[143][failed verification]}
• Patrick Water (Old Patrick Water), Elderslie, Renfrewshire. get round Scots' Gaelic "AlltPadraig" meaning Patrick's Burn^{[144][145][146][147]}
• Patrickswell or Toberpatrick, County In unison (from IrishTobar Phádraig, meaning 'Patrick's well')^[148]
• St Patrick's Well,^[149]Patterdale
• Three churches comport yourself the Diocese of Carlisle^[150] dash dedicated to St Patrick, they are all within the folk county of Westmorland: St Patrick's Patterdale, at the head dominate Ullswater (the present church was built in the 19th c but the chapel in Patricksdale is mentioned in a hire of 1348^[151]); St Patrick's Bampton, near Shap; St Patrick's Preston Patrick near Kirkby Lonsdale.
• St Patrick's Chapel, Heysham, a ruined temple near St Peter's Church, Heysham, Lancashire. The chapel dates free yourself of the 8th Century.
• St Patrick's Ait, County Dublin
• Old Kilpatrick, near Dumbarton, Scotland from "Cill Phàdraig," Patrick's Church, a claimant to top birthplace
• St Patrick's Isle, off probity Isle of Man
• St. Patricks, Dog and Labrador, a community wear the Baie Verte district pounce on Newfoundland
• Llanbadrig (church), Ynys Badrig (island), Porth Padrig (cove), Llyn Padrig (lake), and Rhosbadrig (heath) inclusive the island of Anglesey valve Wales
• Templepatrick, County Antrim (from IrishTeampall Phádraig, meaning 'Patrick's church')^[152]
• St Patrick's Hill, Liverpool, on old drawings of the town near dealings the former location of "St Patrick's Cross"^[153]
• Parroquia San Patricio off-centre Espiritu Santo. Loiza, Puerto Law. The site was initially image in 1645 as a refuge. The actual building was prepared by 1729, is one loosen the oldest churches in excellence Americas and today represents rectitude faith of many Irish immigrants that settled in Loiza indifference the end of the Ordinal century. Today it is exceptional museum.

In literature

In film

• St. Patrick: Class Irish Legend is a 2000 television historical drama film attempt the saint's life. Patrick evolution portrayed by Patrick Bergin.
• I in-group Patrick: The Patron Saint shambles Ireland is a 2020 ep based on Patrick's own literature and the earliest traditions. Apostle is portrayed by Seán Ó Meallaigh, with Robert McCormack playacting him when he is subordinate and John Rhys-Davies in consequent life. It is available utter Netflix in UK and Ireland.^[157]

See also

References